Huel G, Boudène C, Jouan M, Lazar P
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1986;58(2):131-9. doi: 10.1007/BF00380764.
The aim of the council directive of 29 March 1977 of the European Community (1) is the screening for non-work-related lead exposure levels in the general populations of European (member) countries. In France, such testing was carried out in eight metropolitan areas (having more than 500,000 inhabitants), another eight "critical" areas surrounding industrial emission sources and one area (Vosges) having a high level of lead contamination in the water. In view of the reference values (maximum 35 micrograms/dl in an individual blood sample) adopted by the directive, the situation is most serious in the area where the exposure is due to the lead contamination in the water. Individuals here run a seven times greater risk of exceeding the 35 micrograms/dl blood-lead limit relative to urban populations where the lead comes mostly from vehicle emissions into the atmosphere (i.e. 9.3% of the blood-lead values of the Vosgian sample exceed 35 micrograms/dl; 3.5% for the industrial complexes which deal with lead and 1.4% for the urban zone). While these vehicle exhausts are the subject of much current concern, in perspective, the problem of lead pipe contaminated drinking water appears to be of far greater importance.
欧洲共同体1977年3月29日理事会指令(1)的目的是对欧洲（成员国）国家普通人群中与工作无关的铅暴露水平进行筛查。在法国，此类检测在八个大城市地区（居民人数超过50万）、围绕工业排放源的另外八个“关键”地区以及一个水铅污染水平较高的地区（孚日省）进行。鉴于该指令采用的参考值（个体血样中最高35微克/分升），在因水铅污染导致暴露的地区情况最为严重。相对于铅主要来自车辆向大气排放的城市人口，这里的个体超过血铅限值35微克/分升的风险要高七倍（即孚日省样本中9.3%的血铅值超过35微克/分升；处理铅的工业园区为3.5%，市区为1.4%）。虽然目前人们对这些车辆尾气极为关注，但从长远来看，铅管污染饮用水的问题似乎更为重要。
