Knox E G, Gilman E A
Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Birmingham.
J Epidemiol Community Health. 1997 Apr;51(2):151-9. doi: 10.1136/jech.51.2.151.
Firstly, to examine relationships between the birth and death addresses of children dying from leukaemia and cancer in Great Britain, and the sites of potential environmental hazards; and secondly to measure relative case densities close to, and at increasing distances from, different hazard types.
Home address postcodes (PCs) and their map coordinates were identified at birth and at death in children who died from leukaemia or cancer. Potentially hazardous industrial addresses and PCs were listed from business and other directories, and map coordinates obtained from the Central Postcode Directory or else located directly on Ordnance Survey (OS) maps. Railway lines and motorways were digitised from OS maps. Numbers of deaths (and births) at successive radial distances from these hazards were counted and compared with expected numbers. The latter were based on a count of all PCs at similar distances. Relative case density ratios at successive distances from the hazards were obtained from observed and expected numbers, aggregated over similar sites. This was repeated for different hazard types and results were tested for evidence of systematic centrifugal case density gradients.
All 22,458 children dying from leukaemia or cancer aged 0-15 years, in England, Wales, and Scotland, between 1953 and 1980.
Relative excesses of leukaemias and of solid cancers were found near the following: (1) oil refineries, major oil storage installations, railside oil distribution terminals and factories making bitumen products; (2) motor car factories, coach builders, and car body repairers; (3) major users of petroleum products including manufacturers of solvents, paint sprayers, fibreglass fabricators, paint and varnish makers, plastics and detergent manufacturers, and galvanisers; (4) users of kilns and furnaces including steelworks, power stations, galvanisers, cement makers, brickworks, crematoria and aluminium, zinc, and iron/steel foundries; (5) airfields, railways, motorways and harbours. The findings for leukaemias and for solid cancers were indistinguishable. The hazard proximities of birth addresses were stronger than for death addresses. For children who had moved house between birth and death, the proximity effect was limited to the birth addresses.
Childhood cancers are geographically associated with two main types of industrial atmospheric effluent namely: (1) petroleum derived volatiles and (2) kiln and furnace smoke and gases, and effluents from internal combustion engines.
第一，研究英国死于白血病和癌症儿童的出生与死亡地址，以及潜在环境危害地点之间的关系；第二，测量距离不同危害类型不同距离处的相对病例密度。
确定死于白血病或癌症儿童出生和死亡时的家庭住址邮政编码（PCs）及其地图坐标。从商业目录和其他目录中列出潜在危险的工业地址和邮政编码，并从中央邮政编码目录中获取地图坐标，或直接在地形测量局（OS）地图上定位。铁路线和高速公路从OS地图中数字化。统计离这些危害不同径向距离处的死亡（和出生）人数，并与预期人数进行比较。预期人数基于类似距离处所有邮政编码的统计。从观察到的和预期的人数中得出离危害不同距离处的相对病例密度比，并在类似地点汇总。对不同危害类型重复此操作，并对结果进行系统离心病例密度梯度证据的检验。
1953年至1980年间，英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰所有22458名0至15岁死于白血病或癌症的儿童。
在以下地点附近发现白血病和实体癌相对过多：（1）炼油厂、主要储油设施、铁路旁石油配送终端以及生产沥青产品的工厂；（2）汽车厂、客车制造商和车身修理商；（3）石油产品主要用户，包括溶剂制造商、喷漆工、玻璃纤维制造商、油漆和清漆制造商、塑料和洗涤剂制造商以及镀锌厂；（4）窑炉用户，包括钢铁厂、发电站、镀锌厂、水泥厂、砖厂、火葬场以及铝、锌和铁/钢铸造厂；（5）机场、铁路、高速公路和港口。白血病和实体癌的研究结果没有区别。出生地址的危险接近度比死亡地址更强。对于在出生和死亡之间搬家的儿童，接近效应仅限于出生地址。
儿童癌症在地理上与两种主要类型的工业大气污染物有关，即：（1）石油衍生挥发物；（2）窑炉和熔炉烟雾及气体，以及内燃机排放物。
