School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), The Netherlands.
School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), The Netherlands.
Prog Neurobiol. 2019 Jun;177:1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.002. Epub 2019 Mar 13.
The field of neuromodulation is developing rapidly. Current techniques, however, are still limited as they i) either depend on permanent implants, ii) require invasive procedures, iii) are not cell-type specific, iv) involve slow pharmacokinetics or v) have a restricted penetration depth making it difficult to stimulate regions deep within the brain. Refinements into the different fields of neuromodulation are thus needed. In this review, we will provide background information on the different techniques of neuromodulation discussing their latest refinements and future potentials including the implementation of nanoparticles (NPs). In particular we will highlight the usage of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as transducers in advanced neuromodulation. When exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF), certain MNPs can generate heat through hysteresis. This MNP heating has been promising in the field of cancer therapy and has recently been introduced as a method for remote and wireless neuromodulation. This indicates that MNPs may aid in the exploration of brain functions via neuromodulation and may eventually be applied for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. We will address the materials chemistry of MNPs, their biomedical applications, their delivery into the brain, their mechanisms of stimulation with emphasis on MNP heating and their remote control in living tissue. The final section compares and discusses the parameters used for MNP heating in brain cancer treatment and neuromodulation. Concluding, using MNPs for nanomaterial-mediated neuromodulation seem promising in a variety of techniques and could be applied for different neuropsychiatric disorders when more extensively investigated.
神经调节领域正在迅速发展。然而，目前的技术仍然有限，因为它们：i）要么依赖于永久性植入物，ii）需要侵入性程序，iii）不是细胞类型特异性的，iv）涉及缓慢的药代动力学，或者 v）穿透深度有限，难以刺激大脑深部区域。因此，需要对神经调节的不同领域进行改进。在这篇综述中，我们将提供神经调节的不同技术的背景信息，讨论它们的最新改进和未来潜力，包括纳米粒子（NPs）的应用。特别是，我们将强调将磁性纳米粒子（MNPs）用作高级神经调节中的换能器。当暴露于交变磁场（AMF）时，某些 MNPs 可以通过磁滞产生热量。这种 MNP 加热在癌症治疗领域很有前途，最近已被引入作为远程和无线神经调节的一种方法。这表明 MNPs 可以通过神经调节帮助探索大脑功能，并最终应用于治疗神经精神疾病。我们将讨论 MNPs 的材料化学、它们的生物医学应用、它们在大脑中的输送、强调 MNP 加热的刺激机制及其在活组织中的远程控制。最后一部分比较和讨论了用于脑癌治疗和神经调节中 MNP 加热的参数。总之，使用 MNPs 进行基于纳米材料的神经调节在各种技术中似乎很有前途，并且在经过更广泛的研究后，可应用于不同的神经精神疾病。
