Gorzelanny Christian, Mess Christian, Schneider Stefan W, Huck Volker, Brandner Johanna M
Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
Pharmaceutics. 2020 Jul 20;12(7):684. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070684.
Although, drugs are required in the various skin compartments such as viable epidermis, dermis, or hair follicles, to efficiently treat skin diseases, drug delivery into and across the skin is still challenging. An improved understanding of skin barrier physiology is mandatory to optimize drug penetration and permeation. The various barriers of the skin have to be known in detail, which means methods are needed to measure their functionality and outside-in or inside-out passage of molecules through the various barriers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about mechanical barriers, i.e., stratum corneum and tight junctions, in interfollicular epidermis, hair follicles and glands. Furthermore, we discuss the barrier properties of the basement membrane and dermal blood vessels. Barrier alterations found in skin of patients with atopic dermatitis are described. Finally, we critically compare the up-to-date applicability of several physical, biochemical and microscopic methods such as transepidermal water loss, impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, immunohistochemical stainings, optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy to distinctly address the different barriers and to measure permeation through these barriers in vitro and in vivo.
尽管在治疗皮肤疾病时，需要将药物递送至皮肤的各个区域，如活表皮、真皮或毛囊，但药物经皮递送及透过皮肤仍然具有挑战性。为优化药物渗透和透皮吸收，必须深入了解皮肤屏障生理学。必须详细了解皮肤的各种屏障，这意味着需要采用相应方法来测量其功能以及分子通过各种屏障的外向内或内向外出过程。在本综述中，我们总结了目前关于机械屏障的知识，即毛囊间表皮、毛囊和腺体中的角质层和紧密连接。此外，我们还讨论了基底膜和真皮血管的屏障特性。描述了特应性皮炎患者皮肤中发现的屏障改变。最后，我们批判性地比较了几种物理、生化和显微镜方法（如经皮水分流失、阻抗光谱、拉曼光谱、免疫组织化学染色、光学相干显微镜和多光子显微镜）的最新适用性，以明确针对不同屏障，并测量这些屏障在体外和体内的渗透情况。
