Okuhara Tsuyoshi, Ishikawa Hirono, Okada Hiroko, Ueno Haruka, Kiuchi Takahiro
Department of Health Communication, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
School of Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
Prev Med Rep. 2020 Sep 22;20:101205. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101205. eCollection 2020 Dec.
Vaccine hesitancy is a problem attracting growing attention and concern. In this paper, we discuss why anti-vaccination messages are influential and which pro-vaccine messages can be effective to address vaccine hesitancy from the perspective of dual-process theories of cognitive functioning. The functioning of the human brain can be characterized by two different types of cognitive functioning: intuitive System 1, which is evolutionarily old, fast, and automatic; and analytical System 2, which is evolutionarily recent, slow, and deliberative. Anti-vaccination messages that inspire fear activate System 1, and vaccine recommendation messages that use statistics activate System 2. System 1 has a greater influence on judgment than System 2. The processing of System 1 is called "trajectory." Even if adequate knowledge about the effectiveness and safety of vaccination is input to System 2, vaccine hesitancy cannot be easily erased once it is generated by System 1. We suggest that vaccine recommendation messages should target System 1 in addition to System 2, to counter anti-vaccination messages and address vaccine hesitancy.
疫苗犹豫是一个日益受到关注的问题。在本文中，我们从认知功能的双过程理论角度探讨了为什么反疫苗信息具有影响力，以及哪些支持疫苗的信息可以有效解决疫苗犹豫问题。人类大脑的功能可以通过两种不同类型的认知功能来表征：直观的系统1，它在进化上较为古老，快速且自动；以及分析性的系统2，它在进化上较新，缓慢且审慎。引发恐惧的反疫苗信息会激活系统1，而使用统计数据的疫苗推荐信息会激活系统2。系统1对判断的影响比系统2更大。系统1的处理过程被称为“轨迹”。即使关于疫苗有效性和安全性的充分知识被输入到系统2中，一旦系统1产生了疫苗犹豫，就很难轻易消除。我们建议，疫苗推荐信息除了针对系统2之外，还应针对系统1，以对抗反疫苗信息并解决疫苗犹豫问题。
