Clinical Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Glaucoma.

Ophthalmology is one of the major imaging-intensive fields of medicine and thus has potential for extensive applications of artificial intelligence (AI) to advance diagnosis, drug efficacy, and other treatment-related aspects of ocular disease. AI has made impressive progress in ophthalmology within the past few years and two autonomous AI-enabled systems have received US regulatory approvals for autonomously screening for mid-level or advanced diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. While no autonomous AI-enabled system for glaucoma screening has yet received US regulatory approval, numerous assistive AI-enabled software tools are already employed in commercialized instruments for quantifying retinal images and visual fields to augment glaucoma research and clinical practice. In this literature review (non-systematic), we provide an overview of AI applications in glaucoma, and highlight some limitations and considerations for AI integration and adoption into clinical practice.