Emmorey Karen, Borinstein Helsa B, Thompson Robin, Gollan Tamar H
San Diego State University.
Biling (Camb Engl). 2008 Mar;11(1):43-61. doi: 10.1017/S1366728907003203.
Speech-sign or "bimodal" bilingualism is exceptional because distinct modalities allow for simultaneous production of two languages. We investigated the ramifications of this phenomenon for models of language production by eliciting language mixing from eleven hearing native users of American Sign Language (ASL) and English. Instead of switching between languages, bilinguals frequently produced code-blends (simultaneously produced English words and ASL signs). Code-blends resembled co-speech gesture with respect to synchronous vocal-manual timing and semantic equivalence. When ASL was the Matrix Language, no single-word code-blends were observed, suggesting stronger inhibition of English than ASL for these proficient bilinguals. We propose a model that accounts for similarities between co-speech gesture and code-blending and assumes interactions between ASL and English Formulators. The findings constrain language production models by demonstrating the possibility of simultaneously selecting two lexical representations (but not two propositions) for linguistic expression and by suggesting that lexical suppression is computationally more costly than lexical selection.
言语符号或“双模式”双语现象很特殊，因为不同的模式允许同时产出两种语言。我们通过从11名以美国手语（ASL）和英语为母语的听力正常使用者中引出语言混合现象，来研究这一现象对语言产出模型的影响。双语者并非在两种语言之间切换，而是经常产出代码混合形式（同时说出英语单词和做出ASL手势）。代码混合在同步的语音-手势时间安排和语义对等方面类似于伴随言语的手势。当ASL作为主句语言时，未观察到单字代码混合形式，这表明对于这些熟练的双语者来说，英语受到的抑制比ASL更强。我们提出了一个模型，该模型解释了伴随言语的手势和代码混合之间的相似性，并假设ASL和英语表述器之间存在相互作用。这些发现通过证明为语言表达同时选择两种词汇表征（但不是两个命题）的可能性，并表明词汇抑制在计算上比词汇选择成本更高，从而对语言产出模型进行了限制。
