Turning languages on and off: Switching into and out of code-blends reveals the nature of bilingual language control.

When spoken language (unimodal) bilinguals switch between languages, they must simultaneously inhibit 1 language and activate the other language. Because American Sign Language (ASL)-English (bimodal) bilinguals can switch into and out of code-blends (simultaneous production of a sign and a word), we can tease apart the cost of inhibition (turning a language off) and activation (turning a language on). Results from a cued picture-naming task with 43 bimodal bilinguals revealed a significant cost to turn off a language (switching out of a code-blend), but no cost to turn on a language (switching into a code-blend). Switching from single to dual lexical retrieval (adding a language) was also not costly. These patterns held for both languages regardless of default language, that is, whether switching between speaking and code-blending (English default) or between signing and code-blending (ASL default). Overall, the results support models of bilingual language control that assume a primary role for inhibitory control and indicate that disengaging from producing a language is more difficult than engaging a new language. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).