Laboratory for Language and Cognitive Neuroscience.
Department of Psychiatry.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2020 Mar;46(3):443-454. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000734. Epub 2019 Jun 27.
When spoken language (unimodal) bilinguals switch between languages, they must simultaneously inhibit 1 language and activate the other language. Because American Sign Language (ASL)-English (bimodal) bilinguals can switch into and out of code-blends (simultaneous production of a sign and a word), we can tease apart the cost of inhibition (turning a language off) and activation (turning a language on). Results from a cued picture-naming task with 43 bimodal bilinguals revealed a significant cost to turn off a language (switching out of a code-blend), but no cost to turn on a language (switching into a code-blend). Switching from single to dual lexical retrieval (adding a language) was also not costly. These patterns held for both languages regardless of default language, that is, whether switching between speaking and code-blending (English default) or between signing and code-blending (ASL default). Overall, the results support models of bilingual language control that assume a primary role for inhibitory control and indicate that disengaging from producing a language is more difficult than engaging a new language. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
当口语（单模态）双语者在语言之间切换时，他们必须同时抑制一种语言并激活另一种语言。由于美国手语（ASL）-英语（双模态）双语者可以切换到并输出混合码（同时生成一个手语和一个单词），我们可以区分抑制（关闭一种语言）和激活（打开一种语言）的成本。对 43 名双模态双语者进行的提示图片命名任务的结果表明，关闭一种语言（从混合码中切换出来）会产生显著的成本，但打开一种语言（切换到混合码中）不会产生成本。从单一词汇检索切换到双重词汇检索（增加一种语言）也没有成本。无论默认语言是在说话和混合码（英语默认）之间切换，还是在签名和混合码（ASL 默认）之间切换，这两种模式都适用。总的来说，这些结果支持双语语言控制模型，该模型假设抑制控制起着主要作用，并表明从一种语言中解脱出来比引入一种新语言更困难。（PsycINFO 数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。
